Why do water spots come back after I remove them?

They may reappear because the underlying etching was never removed, because the vehicle is repeatedly exposed to hard water and allowed to air-dry, or because a glaze, wax or detail spray was temporarily hiding the marks until it washed away. Identify the source of the water, such as sprinklers, a hard-water hose or a dripping tree, and dry the car promptly after washing or rain.

References
  1. Hardness of Water, U.S. Geological Survey
  2. The Physical and Chemical Properties of Water, Drinking Water Inspectorate (UK)
  3. Hard water, Wikipedia
Detailing Dictionary87 technical terms explained in plain English, from beading to wet sanding. Open the dictionary