Does polishing remove ceramic coating?

Yes. Machine or hand polishing removes a microscopic amount of the surface, and a ceramic coating sits on that surface. The amount removed depends on the polish, pad, pressure and number of passes, but a properly polished area should generally be considered no longer reliably coated. Plan to recoat any area that has been machine polished, after removing polishing residue with a panel wipe.

References
  1. Polishing (Glossary of Detailing Terms), International Detailing Association (IDA)
  2. Polishing, Wikipedia
  3. Abrasive, Wikipedia
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